Daman and Diu, a captivating union territory nestled in northwestern India, exuded a distinct charm despite its compact size, spanning just 112 square kilometres.
This tranquil haven encompassed two distinct districts, Daman and Diu island, separated by the serene Gulf of Khambat, bordered by Gujarat and the Arabian Sea. Once under Portuguese dominion since the 1500s, these territories were integrated into India after the Annexation of Goa in 1961.
Initially administered alongside Goa, Daman and Diu emerged as an independent entity following the Goa Opinion Poll in 1987. However, in 2020, a significant transition occurred with the enactment of legislation to merge Daman and Diu with Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
This merger formed the united union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, commencing on January 26, 2020, marking a new phase in its administrative trajectory.
In this article, we explore more about Daman and Diu, uncovering its rich history, cultural heritage, and unique attractions.
Daman and Diu, along with their Portuguese name Damão, harbour a history of over 450 years, intricately woven into the tapestry of Portuguese India alongside Goa, Dadra, and Nagar Haveli.
The pivotal moment of their integration into the Republic of India on December 19, 1961, through military conquest, signified a monumental shift, though Portugal's recognition of this annexation came later, post the Carnation Revolution of 1974. Throughout their history, these territories have also experienced the rule of Kolis.
Prior to May 30, 1987, Goa, Daman, and Diu operated as a unified union territory. However, with Goa's attainment of statehood, Daman and Diu emerged as distinct entities, each enclave forming one of the two districts of the union territory, approximately 650 kilometres apart by road.
A significant turn of events unfolded on November 3, 2019, when Daman Collector Rakesh Minhas enforced a Section 144 order, curtailing peaceful assembly, slogan-shouting, and the use of loudspeakers across the territory.
This order also necessitated the conversion of Government High School, Bhimpore, and Government Sarvottam High School, Moti Daman, into 'temporary jails', sparked by a land ownership dispute between the local indigenous fishing community and the administration.
The resultant 2019 Daman Indigenous Land Clearing Protests led to the detention of 70 protesters and 8 arrests. While a portion of the Adivasi fisherfolk were offered alternative housing, numerous others endured trauma and homelessness, residing near the remnants of their demolished homes.
In December 2019, a significant legislative move occurred as the Parliament of India approved the merger of Daman and Diu with the neighbouring union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, birthing the new union territory known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.
Daman and Diu's landscape is marked by its island-like characteristics, featuring a relatively uniform terrain. The region is fed by several rivers, with the prominent Damanganga River dividing the Daman district into distinct sections.
Flowing westward, rivers like Bhagwan, Kalem, and Damanganga delineate the territory's boundaries, with Bhagwan to the north and Kalem to the south.
Situated on the Indian west coast, Daman is enveloped by notable geographical features: Valsad district to the east, the Bhagwan River to the north, the Arabian Sea to the west, and the Kalem River to the south.
Diu, the neighbouring district, is a tiny island close to Gujarat's Veraval Port. Stretching across 21 kilometres of coastline, Diu maintains a low elevation, averaging 6 meters above sea level, with its highest point reaching approximately 30 meters.
Its terrain is predominantly flat, bordered by Junagadh and Amreli districts to the north and the Arabian Sea to the remaining sides.
The biodiversity of Daman and Diu is as diverse as its landscape, boasting lush mangrove forests, coconut palms, Hokka Trees and casuarina trees. A vibrant array of plant life, including hibiscus, bougainvillea, and frangipani, contributes to the region's rich flora.
The fauna is equally abundant, hosting a diverse array of bird species, reptiles, and mammals such as the Indian grey hornbill, fishing cat, and spotted deer. The marine ecosystem is teeming with life, featuring playful dolphins, majestic whales, and graceful sea turtles.
In recent years, concerted conservation efforts have been underway to safeguard the region's rich biodiversity. Wildlife sanctuaries have been established, and strict regulations on hunting and fishing have been implemented to ensure the sustainable management of Daman and Diu's natural resources.
These initiatives aim to uphold the ecological balance and preserve the unique charm of this coastal territory.
In the demographic landscape of Daman and Diu, the 2011 census revealed a commendable literacy rate of 87.1%, exceeding the national average of 74.04%. With male literacy at 91.5% and female literacy slightly lower at 79.5%, the territory showcased significant educational progress.
However, it faced a notable gender imbalance, recording the lowest female-to-male ratio in India, with 618 females per thousand males. Specifically, the Daman district exhibited a low sex ratio of 533 females to 1000 males.
Religiously, Hinduism dominates Daman and Diu, followed by Muslims and indigenous Christians. The Catholic community is under the pastoral care of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman.
Language-wise, Gujarati prevails as the primary language, reflecting the Gujarati-speaking Damaniya sub-caste, while Hindi and English are also widely spoken.
Although Portuguese was once the official language during colonial rule, its usage has waned over time, primarily retained in homes and religious contexts among the Catholic populace. Despite this decline, Daman and Diu Portuguese is still spoken by about 10,000–12,000 individuals.
In the educational sphere, the three-language formula is adopted, with Gujarati as the first language, Hindi as the second, and English as the third. This linguistic diversity mirrors the historical union of Daman and Diu with Goa, which was predominantly Konkani-speaking until its development of statehood in 1987.
The governance of Daman and Diu, in accordance with the Constitution of India, was managed by an Administrator appointed by the President of India. This Administrator, acting as an agent and not a head of state/government or governor, was supported by a team of officers to ensure efficient administrative operations.
The union territory consisted of two districts: Diu District, covering 40 square kilometres, centred around the town of Diu, and Daman District, spanning 72 square kilometres, with its primary city being Daman.
Situated along the picturesque western coast of India, Daman and Diu present a treasure trove of captivating tourist attractions awaiting exploration. Moti Daman Fort and Nani Daman Fort stand as majestic reminders of the region's Portuguese colonial past, offering visitors a window into its rich history.
For those seeking tranquillity, the serene shores of Devka Beach provide the perfect retreat, inviting leisurely strolls and sunbathing sessions amidst golden sands. In Diu, the surreal Naida Caves beckon adventurers to explore their naturally formed rock formations, while Nagoa Beach offers a scenic backdrop for water sports and relaxation.
Delve deeper into the region's cultural heritage at the fascinating Diu Museum, promising an unforgettable journey through these charming coastal destinations.
In conclusion, Daman and Diu stand as shining gems on India's western coast, rich in history, natural beauty, and cultural heritage. From the remnants of Portuguese colonial rule to the serene beaches and captivating caves, this charming union territory offers a unique blend of experiences for travellers.
Despite its small size, Daman and Diu leave an indelible mark on those who venture to explore its enchanting landscapes and immerse themselves in its rich history.
Whether seeking relaxation, adventure, or cultural enlightenment, Daman and Diu never fail to enchant and inspire, leaving visitors with cherished memories and a longing to return.
